As the gold men spoke, Bryan ate a sandwich to settle his stomach; he was often nervous before major speeches. Cleveland friend and former Postmaster General Donald M. Dickinson wrote to the President in June 1896 hoping that the delegates would recognize "common sense" and be frightened at the thought of nominating a radical. [99], Bryan's speech is considered one of the most powerful political addresses in American history. Jones points out that though Bryan's speaking engagements were not deemed political by the standards of 1896, by modern measurements he was far more active in campaigning for the nomination than most of the better-known candidates.[29]. The silver campaign of 1896 was a big controversy among the people. "[26], In early 1896, with the economy still poor, there was widespread discontent with the two existing major political parties. My friends, we shall declare that this nation is able to legislate for its own people on every question without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation on earth, and upon that issue we expect to carry every single state in the Union. We believe it. Will it choose blessings or cursingslife or deathwhich? Mr. McKinley was nominated at St. Louis upon a platform that declared for the maintenance of the gold standard until it should be changed into bimetallism by an international agreement. Conclusion: -main message of Latuff's cartoon process . [44] Bryan had been waiting outside the committee room when his rivals were seated by a 2723 vote; contemporary accounts state he was "somewhat surprised" at the result. The sympathies of the Democratic Party, as shown by the platform, are on the side of the struggling masses, who have ever been the foundation of the Democratic Party.[77]. Nevertheless, large crowds gathered outside the public entrances; the galleries were quickly packed. Trained as a lawyer, Bryan represented the state of Nebraska in the United States Congress, 1891-95. Updates? [4] In 1830, Treasury Secretary Samuel D. Ingham proposed adjusting the ratio between gold and silver in US currency to 15.8:1, which had for some time been the ratio in Europe. Mr. [87] The pro-silver Cleveland Plain Dealer called Bryan's speech "an eloquent, stirring, and manly appeal". We care not upon which issue they force the fight. "[69] The gold men, during the address, paid close attention and showed their appreciation for Bryan's oratory. [91] He received many letters from supporters, expressing their faith in him in stark terms. "[67] Harpine suggested that, "by appealing in such an uncompromising way to the agrarian elements and to the West, Bryan neglected the national audience who would vote in the November election". The legislation also established the Mint of the United States. He had already begun work on a speech. I say it was not a question of persons; it was a question of principle; and it is not with gladness, my friends, that we find ourselves brought into conflict with those who are now arrayed on the other side. [88] The St. Louis Post-Dispatch opined that with the speech, Bryan "just about immortalized himself". He faced in the direction of the gold-dominated state delegations: There are two ideas of government. ; B. [84][85] On the second ballot, Bryan still stood second, but had gained as other candidates had fallen away. 28 Monday Mar 2016. A third attempt in early 1878 again passed the House, and eventually both houses after being amended in the Senate. According to William Jennings Byran:. Afrocentrists, Evangelicals, Hebrew-Israelites and the False Revolution. [64] According to Bensel, the self-deprecation helped disarm the delegates. Optional: Bryan begins. Jones deemed the Democrats likely to nominate a candidate who would appeal to the Populist Party, and Bryan had been elected to Congress with Populist support. doubt, because there is scarcely a State here today asking for the gold standard which is not in the absolute control of the Republican party. Advocates of the gold standard attributed the decline to advances in production and transportation. free coinage of silver at silver-gold ratio of 16 to 1 issue in Bryan's Cross of Gold speech His dramatic speaking style and rhetoric roused the crowd to a frenzy. [93] The Republican nominee was slow to realize the surge of support for Bryan after the nomination, stating his view that the silver sentiment would be gone in a month. The Cross of Gold speechwas delivered by William Jennings Bryan, a former United States Representativefrom Nebraska, at the Democratic National Conventionin Chicagoon July 9, 1896. bimetallism), which he believed would bring the nation prosperity. Congress did so, but the debates showed bitter divides in both major parties between silver and gold factions. Bryan considered this no loss at all; the focus of the convention was on the party platform and the debate which would precede its adoption. Gold Democrats were successful in a few states in the Northeast, but had little luck elsewhere. Omissions? "[55] Hill gave a calm speech defending the gold position, and swayed few delegates. Bryan continued with language evoking the Civil War, telling his audience that "in this contest brother has been arrayed against brother, father against son. We have petitioned, and our petitions have been scorned; we have entreated, and our entreaties have been disregarded; we have begged, and they have mocked when our calamity came. Cross of Gold title of speech William Jennings Bryan gave Cross of Gold speech at Democratic National Covention Nebraska congressman seeking presidential nomination Democratic National Convention To whom did Bryan gives his Cross of Gold Speech in Chicago? Railway employees had refused to handle Pullman cars in sympathy with the strikers; this action threatened to paralyze the nation's rail lines. [64] Throughout the speech, Bryan had the delegates in the palm of his hand; they cheered on cue. [49][50], Delegates, as they waited for the committees to complete their work, spent much of the first two days listening to various orators. Gold and silver factions in some states, such as Bryan's Nebraska, sent rival delegations to the convention. Such bills, sponsored by Bland, passed the House of Representatives in 1876 and 1877, but both times failed in the Senate. Let me assure him that not one person in all this convention entertains the least hostility to the people of the state of Massachusetts. Angered by Cleveland's actions in the labor dispute, and by his uncompromising stand against silver, Altgeld began to organize Democrats against Cleveland's renomination in 1896. Senators, Bryan rose to speak. Analysis Of William Bryan'S The Cross Of Gold Speech: [Essay Example], 692 words GradesFixer. We have entreated, and our entreaties have been disregarded. One farmer in the gallery had been about to leave rather than listen to Bryan, whom he deemed a Populist; he had been persuaded to stay. [59] According to political scientist Richard F. Bensel in his study of the 1896 Democratic convention, "Although the silver men knew they would win this fight, they nonetheless needed someone to tell themand the gold menwhy they must enshrine silver at the heart of the platform. The full text of William Jenning Bryans famous Cross of Gold speech appears below. [54], Senator David B. Hill of New York, a gold supporter, was next. [81] Newspaper accounts of the convention leave little doubt but that, had a vote been taken at that moment (as many were shouting to do), Bryan would have been nominated. The humblest citizen in all the land when clad in the armor of a righteous cause is stronger than all the whole hosts of error that they can bring. In November he lost to the Republican candidate, William McKinley. I stand with Jefferson rather than with them, and tell them, as he did, that the issue of money is a function of the government and that the banks should go out of the governing business. In the late 1800's a populist movement was happening and people were starting to take notice. Ah. Corrections? [42] Going into the convention, the two leading candidates for the nomination were former Congressman Bland, who had originated the Bland-Allison Act, and former Iowa Governor Horace Boies, with Bland considered the frontrunner. He would subsequently win the Democratic nomination for president in 1900 and again . They criticize us for our criticism of the Supreme Court of the United States. Forward-Looking Statements Except for historical information, this presentation may contain certain "forward-looking statements". This takeover was considered far more important than was the choice of presidential candidate, and the committee decided to take no position on who should win the race for the nomination, reasoning that the victor, no matter who he was, would be a silver man. What we need is an Andrew Jackson to stand as Jackson stood, against the encroachments of aggregated wealth. Bryan is arguing against the gold standard and so he isn't apt to paint gold in those idyllic terms. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. If they ask us why we did not embody all these things in our platform which we believe, we reply to them that when we have restored the money of the Constitution, all other necessary reforms will be possible, and that until that is done there is no reform that can be accomplished. If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we will fight them to the uttermost. [6] Silver was now undervalued at the Mint; accordingly little was presented for striking into money. Speakers in some states cursed Cleveland; the South Carolina convention denounced him. Circulars were being distributed in Illinois, and admirers in Nebraska, North Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, and other states were urging his selection among their friends. The platform would symbolize the repudiation of Cleveland and his policies after the insurgents' long struggle, and Bryan was determined to close the debate on the platform. For one thing, he began the 1896 convention without any official statusthe Democratic National Committee, which made the initial determination of which delegations would be seated, had chosen the pro-gold Nebraskans to represent their state. Those who are opposed to this proposition tell us that the issue of paper money is a function of the bank and that the government ought to go out of the banking business. It offers discussion questions, classroom activities, and primary source analysis tools. One after another, state conventions to elect delegates to the national convention in Chicago repudiated an incumbent elected president of their party, who had not declared whether he would be a candidate for renomination. With far less money than McKinley, Bryan embarked on a nationwide campaign tour by train on a then-unprecedented scale. At the time, there was no mint in the United States; foreign coins were used. Contemporary estimates were an unemployment rate as high as 25%. [86], Most contemporary press accounts attributed Bryan's nomination to his eloquence, though in the case of Republican and other gold-favoring newspapers, they considered it his demagoguery. Pamphlet. This was close enough to the market value to make it uneconomic to export either US gold or silver coins. On the fifth ballot, the Illinois delegation, led by Governor Altgeld, switched its votes from Bland to Bryan. BRYAN: CROSS OF GOLD. The new unit of currency was defined to be equal to 24.75 grains (1.604g) of gold, or alternatively, 371.25 grains (24.057g) of silver, establishing a ratio of value between gold and silver of 15:1. But note the change. Instructors: CLICK HERE to request a free trial account (only available to college instructors) Primary Source Readers Although his statements nominally responded to a point made by Russell, Bryan had thought of the argument the previous evening, and had not used it in earlier speeches. The individual is but an atom; he is born, he acts, he dies; but principles are eternal, and this has been a contest over a principle. But in this contest, brother has been arrayed against brother, and father against son. More than that, we can tell them this, that they will search the pages of history in vain to find a single instance in which the common people of any land ever declared themselves in favor of a gold standard. Publishing regularly in Harper's Weekly . [63], I would be presumptuous, indeed, to present myself against the distinguished gentlemen to whom you have listened if this were a mere measuring of abilities; but this is not a contest between persons. [37] He arrived convinced that he would win the nomination. Mr. McKinley was nominated at St. Louis upon a platform which declared for the maintenance of the gold standard until it can be changed into bimetallism by international agreement. [40], The only gold man who put together any sort of campaign for the Democratic nomination was Treasury Secretary John G. Carlisle, but he withdrew in April, stating that he was more concerned about the platform of the party than who would lead it. It revealed that the U.S. had become a world power. . It did not become unconstitutional until one judge changed his mind; and we cannot be expected to know when a judge will change his mind. But if he means to say that we cannot change our monetary system without protecting those who have loaned money before the change was made, I want to ask him where, in law or in morals, he can find authority for not protecting the debtors when the act of 1873 was passed when he now insists that we must protect the creditor. Bound in semi-stiff boards covered in dark green washi paper, wit 19. If the gold standard is the standard of civilization, why, my friends, should we not have it? W.J. [19] Among those defeated for Senate was Bryan in Nebraska. [98], After McKinley's inauguration in March 1897, increases in gold availability from new discoveries and improved refining methods led to a considerable increase in the money supply. [46] However, Barnes deemed the actions by the committee immaterial to the outcome due to the silver strength in the convention: Anyone who doubts the power the silverites were ready to unleash in a disciplined and irresistible attack needs only to read the results of the election of temporary chairman. His speeches impressed many; even some of his opponents later conceded that Bryan was the most compelling speaker they had ever heard. We are prepared to meet them on either issue or on both. On the 4th of March, 1895, a few Democrats, most of them members of Congress, issued an address to the Democrats of the nation asserting that the money question was the paramount issue of the hour; asserting also the right of a majority of the Democratic Party to control the position of the party on this paramount issue; concluding with the request that all believers in free coinage of silver in the Democratic Party should organize and take charge of and control the policy of the Democratic Party. Cross of Gold speech, classic of American political oratory delivered on July 8, 1896, by William Jennings Bryan in closing the debate on the party platform at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago during the campaign for the presidential election of 1896. 1896 speech by U.S. politician William Jennings Bryan in support of a bimetallic standard, William Jennings Bryan being carried on the shoulders of delegates after giving the speech, Also attributed to an 1892 speech by President, For additional detail on the political career of William Jennings Bryan before and during the 1896 campaign, see, For a fuller explanation of the procedures of American political conventions, see, Possible recording of the original speech, Audio excerpt of the speech later recorded by William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan presidential campaign, 1896, United States presidential nominating convention, William Jennings Bryan presidential campaign, 1896 General election campaign, Official Proceedings of the 1896 Democratic National Convention. It also repealed the statutory provisions allowing silver bullion to be presented to the Mint and returned in the form of circulating money. In passing the Coinage Act, Congress eliminated bimetallism. The audio portion is an excerpt. People who were free-silver thought that currency reform would end them. The money went for speakers, pamphlets, and other means of conveying their "sound money" campaign to the voter. Some, wrote another reporter, like demented things, divested themselves of their coats and flung them high in the air. The next day the convention nominated Bryan for President on the fifth ballot. A cartoon from the magazine "Judge" criticizing William Jennings Bryan for his "Cross of Gold" speech. [96] Bryan spoke on silver throughout the campaign; he rarely addressed other issues. Our ancestors, when but three millions in number, had the courage to declare their political independence of every other nation; shall we, their descendants, when we have grown to seventy millions, declare that we are less independent than our forefathers? [106] Historian R. Hal Williams suggested that the opposite philosophy, of legislation for the masses leading to prosperity for all, advocated by Bryan in his speech, informed the domestic policies of later Democratic presidents, including Franklin Roosevelt with his New Deal.[107]. It is true. William Jennings Bryan (nicknamed the "Boy Orator of the Platte" and "The Great Commoner") was a Nebraska politician and orator who rose to fame in 1896 when he secured the Democratic nomination for President of the United States. I had never had such an opportunity before in my life and never expect to have again. The miners who go 1,000 feet into the earth or climb 2,000 feet upon the cliffs and bring forth from their hiding places the precious metals to be poured in the channels of trade are as much businessmen as the few financial magnates who in a backroom corner the money of the world. The 1896 Democratic National Convention followed events unique in post-Civil War American history. We say to you that you have made too limited in its application the definition of a businessman. Never before in the history of this country has there been witnessed such a contest as that through which we have passed. That is the question that the party must answer first; and then it must be answered by each individual hereafter. Our silver Democrats went forth from victory unto victory, until they are assembled now, not to discuss, not to debate, but to enter up the judgment rendered by the plain people of this country. I want to suggest this truth, that if the gold standard is a good thing we ought to declare in favor of its retention and not in favor of abandoning it; and if the gold standard is a bad thing, why should we wait until some other nations are willing to help us to let it go? The issue was whether to endorse the free coinage of silver at a ratio of silver to gold of 16 to 1. ; William Jennings Bryan was a leading member of the Democratic party who ran for President several times. If they tell us that the gold standard is the standard of civilization, we reply to them that this, the most enlightened of all nations of the earth, has never declared for a gold standard, and both the parties this year are declaring against it. The gentleman who just preceded me [Governor Russell] spoke of the old state of Massachusetts. [71] The police in the convention hall, not sharing the enthusiasm for silver, were described by the press (some of whose members were caught up in the frenzy) as standing as if they thought the audience was about to turn on them. [7] This would inflate the money supply, and, adherents argued, increase the nation's prosperity. Albert Shaw, editor of The Review of Reviews, stated that after Bryan's nomination, many easterners professed not to have heard of him but: "If, indeed, they had not heard of Mr. Bryan before, they had failed to follow closely the course of American politics in the past eight years. [54] He was followed by two other gold men, Senator William Vilas of Wisconsin and former Massachusetts Governor William E. Russell. With the powerful words he used, Bryan showed his support to the Populists. [65] Bryan then recounted the history of the silver movement; the audience, which had loudly demonstrated its approval of his opening statements, quieted. Bryan, once seated, was Nebraska's representative to the Committee on Resolutions (generally called the "platform committee"), which allocated 80minutes to each side in the debate and selected Bryan as one of the speakers. It was clear to listeners as he worked his way through the comparisons that he would refer to the farmer, and when he did, the hall exploded with sound. I ask him, if he will apply his logic to us, why he does not apply it to himself. This statement attracted great cheering, and Bryan turned to rhetorically demolish the compromise position on bimetallismthat it should only be accomplished through international agreement: It is the issue of 1776 over again. [3], In the early 19th century, the economic disruption caused by the Napoleonic Wars caused United States gold coins to be worth more as bullion than as money, and they vanished from circulation. [79] As he moved towards his seat, the Coliseum burst into pandemonium. Mr. McKinley was the most popular man among the Republicans ; and everybody three months ago in the Republican Party prophesied his election. Bryan's speeches evolved over time; in December 1894, in a speech in Congress, he first used a phrase from which would come the conclusion to his most famous address: as originally stated, it was "I will not help to crucify mankind upon a cross of gold. As Bryan was not deemed a major contender for the nomination, even delegates committed to a candidate could cheer him without seeming to betray their allegiance. [83], The balloting began the following morning, July 10, with a two-thirds vote necessary to nominate. Although Altgeld and his adherents urged voters to distinguish between Cleveland and his party, the Democrats lost 113 seats in the House in the 1894 midterm elections, the greatest loss by a majority party in congressional history. He cared about politics and his religion equally. The only gold man who put together any sort of campaign for the Democratic nomination was Treasury Secretary One of the leaders of the silver movement was Illinois Governor Altgeld; a native of Germany, he was constitutionally barred from the presidency by his foreign birth. The third ballot saw Bland still in the lead, but Bryan took the lead on the fourth ballot. It was not unconstitutional when it went before the Supreme Court for the first time. The farmer who goes forth in the morning and toils all day, begins in the spring and toils all summer, and by the application of brain and muscle to the natural resources of this country creates wealth, is as much a businessman as the man who goes upon the Board of Trade and bets upon the price of grain. The sympathies of the Democratic Party, as described by the platform, are on the side of the struggling masses, who have ever been the foundation of the Democratic Party. I shall object to bringing this question down to a level of persons. This teaching guide helps instructors use a specific primary source set, Patronage and Populism: The Politics of the Gilded Age, in the classroom. My friends, we have made no criticism. However, the senator wanted 50 minutes to speak, too long for a closing address, and at Bryan's request agreed to open the debate instead. [8] During the economic chaos of the Panic of 1873, the price of silver dropped significantly, but the Mint would accept none for striking into legal tender. If they ask us here why it is we say more on the money question than we say upon the tariff question, I reply that if protection has slain its thousands the gold standard has slain its tens of thousands. The bill, as modified by amendments sponsored by Iowa Senator William B. Allison, did not reverse the 1873 provisions, but required the Treasury to purchase a minimum of $2 million of silver bullion per month; the profit, or seignorage from monetizing the silver was to be used to purchase more silver bullion. 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