Front row: Chris is second from left. Figure 15.. Philip Blaiberg leaving Groote Schuur Hospital after his heart transplant. Barnard's second heart transplant operation was performed on 2 January 1968 almost a month after the first, this time on Dr Philip Blaaiberg, whose dauntless spirit made him a national hero in his own right. Following this medical triumph, the South African . He transplanted lungs and hearts, took organs out to see how long dogs would survive and watched their reactions to the new organs. Dr. Barnard stunned the world on Dec. 3, 1967, when he transplanted the heart of a young woman who had died in an automobile accident into the chest of Louis Washkansky, a 53-year-old businessman. The .gov means its official. He was indeed a Renaissance man in the area of general medicine. Figure 3.. Groote Schuur Hospital, as it was in Chris Barnards time. According to Kuster, he attempted to grope her under her skirt, while seated at a business luncheon with Rep. Pete McCloskey (R-CA), whom she worked for at the time. As Chris Barnard left the hospital on Sunday morning 3 December 1967, he called the hospital superintendent to inform him he'd performed a human-to-human heart transplant, allegedly saying "no, it wasn't dogs. At Groote Schuur Hospital, Hamilton Naki was an informally taught surgeon. He was also a prolific writer. [4] Barnard described the two years he spent in the United States as "the most fascinating time in my life. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. Heres its full story. '"[4][33], Washkansky survived the operation and lived for 18 days, having succumbed to pneumonia possibly due to the immunosuppressive drugs he was taking. Many of these physicians were accorded sponsorship to learn new techniques at the European medical centers. The creatures survived for 38 days. While at the Medical College of Virginia, he took the opportunity to watch Richard Lower, head of cardiac surgery, perform an orthotopic heart transplant in a dog. The operation that took medicine into the media age, A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, "Christiaan Barnard, 78, Surgeon For First Heart Transplant, Dies", Calculated Risks: How to Know When Numbers Deceive You, Philip Blaiberg was dyingthis time for certain, "Christiaan Barnard: his first transplants and their impact on concepts of death", "The state of kidney transplantation in South Africa", Heart Transplantation in Man: Developmental Studies and Report of a Case, "A brief history of cross-species organ transplantation", "James D. Hardy, 84, Dies; Paved Way for Transplants Obituary; Biography", The Adrian Kantrowitz Papers, Replacing Hearts: Left Ventricle Assist Devices and Transplants, 19601970, "Accounts of South African's Career Now Seen as Overstated", https://web.archive.org/web/20110723010408/http://www.sabcnews.co.za/SABCnews.com/Documents/SpecialAssignment/HEART-SCRIPT.pdf, Film on black surgeon in first heart transplant team rekindles controversy, 1967: First Heart Transplant Patient Goes Under the Knife, Major Medical Milestones Leading Up to the FirstHuman Heart Transplantation, Transplantation of the heart: An overview of 40 years' clinical and research experience at Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town, Christiaan Barnard, celebrated pioneer of heart transplant surgery, dies aged 78, "Trump comments prompt congresswoman to share assault story", "Rep. Annie Kuster tells Concord Monitor famous doctor sexually assaulted her decades ago", "Trump comments prompt congresswoman to share assault story | U.S. News | US News", "Christiaan Neethling Barnard (19222001)", "The Foundation Christiaan Barnard Heart Foundation", "Christiaan BarnardThe surgeon who dared: The story of the first human-to-human heart transplant", "The first human heart transplant and further advances in cardiac transplantation at Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town with reference to: the operation. His dissertation was based on the treatment of tuberculous meningitis, in 1953. If a lion chases you to the bank of a river filled with crocodiles, you will leap into the water, convinced you have a chance to swim to the other side." Undeterred, he continued performing heart transplantations and invented a piggyback technology, which largely increased the survival rate. -, Barnard CN. In 1948, he wrote about the surgical combination of two animals with the creation of a single circulation. Remarkably, Barnard's fifth and sixth patients lived for almost 13 and 24 years, respectively. 2009 Jan-Feb;20(1):31-5. J Thorac Dis. Meanwhile he had also developed business interests including animal farms in South Africa. The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes. Bookshelf Eur Heart J. The site is secure. 2001 Jun;20(6):599-610. doi: 10.1016/s1053-2498(00)00245-x. Christiaan Neethling Barnard, the South African cardiac surgeon who performed the world's first successful human-to-human heart transplant, said in 1997: "I have always maintained that if there. Christiaan Barnard-The surgeon who dared: The story of the first human-to-human heart transplant Glob Cardiol Sci Pract. Gender and Context Matter: Behavioral and Structural Interventions for People Who Use Alcohol and Other Drugs in Africa. There was especially close cooperation between the cardiology service and cardiovascular surgery in promulgating state of the art interventions. [7][9][45] This has been criticised by the ethicists Peter Singer and Helga Kuhse as making claims for chances of success to the patient and family which were "unfounded" and "misleading". By far the most unusual experiments and surgeries included the transplantation of the head or half the body. There, in the morning of September 2, he went for a swim, when he suffered a fatal asthma attack and died from it. This last marriage also ended in divorce in 2000. In many experiments, the recipient's head has not been removed, but in others it has been. He obtained his medical degree at the University of Cape Town Medical School in 1945. After six days of life together, both heads and the common body died. World J Surg. [22] Among the recognition he received over the years, he was named Professor Emeritus in 1984. submissions or preferences. The final goal of our experiments was to make transplantation of the heart and other organs in humans possible, Demikhov wrote in a monograph. [3][5][41] Louis Washkansky, a 54-year-old grocer who was suffering from diabetes and incurable heart disease, was the patient. Surgical treatment of acquired aneurysms of the thoracic aorta. He had been head of the Department of Surgery since 1958, and he had the characteristics of a true surgeon: egocentric, brash, hardworking, and arrogant, according to at least one of his colleagues. Another brother, Abraham, died at the age of three while a sister was stillborn. [2], Worldwide, approximately 100 transplants were performed by various doctors during 1968. Moreover, his meager salary meant that they led a humble life. The question arises, considering Norman Shumways pioneering work on animal transplants, why the initial human heart transplant did not occur in the US. [49], Barnard and his patient received worldwide publicity. Barnard grew up in Beaufort West, Cape Province, Union of South Africa. Barnard wrote two autobiographies. Before moving to Richmond, Lower had spent many years with . Readers like you keep news free for everyone. "While he believes in the participation of Africans in the political process of South Africa, he is opposed to a one-man-one-vote system in South Africa". He was also fond of music and sports. Our chief cardiovascular surgeon at the time was C. Walton Lillehei, no slouch of a surgeon himself, who had participated in the first open heart surgery at the University of Minnesota in 1952. Barnard convinced a 54-year-old terminally ill grocer to undergo the operation and replaced his heart with the heart taken from a brain dead woman. One life. After transplantation, both monkey heads remained alert, able to process sensory information and react to events. "[59], Barnard's first marriage was to Aletta Gertruida Louw, a nurse, whom he married in 1948 while practising medicine in Ceres. The break came when in March 1956, Gott asked Barnard to help him run the heart-lung machine for an operation. In this piggyback technique, the donor heart is added to the patients diseased heart, which had been left in place. This was also the year he made a short visit to Moscow, where he met Vladimir Demikhov, known for his expertise in organ transplantation. The white head snarled. Christiaan Barnard performed operation at Cape Town's Groote Schuur Hospital Next week marks 50th anniversary of the first human-to-human heart transplant Barnard went on to give his name to. [7][8][9] Barnard's second transplant patient, Philip Blaiberg, whose operation was performed at the beginning of 1968, returned home from the hospital and lived for a year and a half. Prognosis of heart transplant patients in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Professor Sir Raymond Hoffenberg claims to have seen a dog on which The recipient lived for 18 days, dying of pneumonia after receiving immunosuppressive drugs. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. He was the first person to perform a successful coronary artery bypass operation on a warm-blooded creature but, yet, became more famous for his two-headed dog. applied to the management of head injuries. Although the patient died in four months, he remained optimistic about it. He retired in 1983 at 61 due to rheumatoid arthritis involving his hands and became a scientist-in-residence at the University of Oklahoma for several years. 2020 Feb 7;150:w20192. Although the transplant was successful, Washkansky died after eighteen days from double pneumonia. In 1967, Barnard came across 54-year-old Louis Washkansky, who was suffering from extensive coronary artery disease. From 1974 to 1983, he performed forty-nine consecutive heterotopic heart transplants. In 1970, he married nineteen-year-old Barbara Zoellner, an heiress. There has been considerable controversy over the definition of brain death in the donor, leading to guidelines for evaluating this condition. His first book, One Life, was published in 1969 (.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}ISBN0245599525) and sold copies worldwide. It growled and snarled with mock fierceness or licked the hand that caressed it. While serving as general physician in South Africa, he investigated into intestinal atresia and a found a cure for it. The prosthetic heart valve designed. [52] Dirk van Zyl, who received a new heart in 1971, was the longest-lived recipient, surviving over 23 years. He became interested in anti-aging research, and in 1986 his reputation suffered when he promoted Glycel, an expensive "anti-aging" skin cream, whose approval was withdrawn by the United States Food and Drug Administration soon thereafter. HIS WORK led to the first heart. The young South African Christiaan Barnard (8 November 1922 - 2 September 2001) dreamed of going far. One dog operated in 1953 survived for 7 years. Born as the son of a Dutch missionary in the arid Karoo region of South Africa, he earned his medical degree from the University of Cape Town Medical School. The operation involved 30 healthcare personnel and lasted nine hours. [57], Shortly before his visit to Kenya in 1978, the following was written about his views regarding race relations in South Africa; Shumway continued to perform transplants successfully when the initial spate of transplants following Barnards initial success subsided because of poor results. The big head gave it a puzzled look and tried at first to shake it off, reports Time. [23][24], On 23 January 1964, James Hardy at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi, performed the world's first heart transplant and world's first cardiac xenotransplant by transplanting the heart of a chimpanzee into a desperately ill and dying man. That "the black man will not accept this view" of universal suffrage. [14][19] He was promoted to full-time lecturer and Director of Surgical Research at the University of Cape Town. (The year before Barnard arrived, Lillehei and Campbell had used this procedure for twenty minutes during surgery on a 13-year-old boy with ventricular septal defect, and the boy had made a full recovery.) ", This page was last edited on 20 February 2023, at 19:43. , 300px wide The first successful kidney transplant had been done in 1954, opening this exciting surgical frontier.. Early open heart operation at Groote Schuur Hospital (1960s). N Z Med J. Apart from two autobiographies, Christiaan Barnard: One Life and The Second Life, published in 1969 and 1993 respectively, he had written several other books on medicine and collaborated with others to write a few novels. Also in the same year, he defended his doctoral thesis, titled The aetiology of congenital intestinal atresia and received his PhD. During this period, he became interested in anti-ageing research. A popular myth, propagated principally by a widely discredited documentary film called Hidden Heart[36][37][38][39] and an erroneous newspaper article,[35] maintains incorrectly that Naki was present during the Washkansky transplant. The work was carried out in the reanimation lab of the A.A.Bogomolets Physiology Institute of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. [31][32][33], With the availability of new breakthroughs introduced by several pioneers, also including Richard Lower at the Medical College of Virginia, several surgical teams were in a position to prepare for a human heart transplant. [17] Barnard also became friendly with Gil Campbell, who had demonstrated that a dog's lung could be used to oxygenate blood during open-heart surgery. Christiaan Barnard would later perform the world's first successful transplantation of a human heart from a person who had just died from a head injury. In addition, Barnard analyzed 259 cases of tubercular meningitis. Feedback on The history of the two-headed dog experiment. For more information on cookies please refer to our cookies and indemnify Journal Media in relation to such content and their ability to make such content, The daring operation and the charismatic surgeon received immense public attention around the world. Born as the son of a Dutch missionary in the arid Karoo region of South Africa, he earned his medical degree from the University of Cape Town Medical School. Christiaan Barnard's head transplant: Professor Sir Raymond Hoffenberg claims to have seen a dog on which Christiaan Barnard had performed a head transplant, repeating the experimental operation that had been performed by the Russians. In 1958, on receiving his PhD, Barnard returned to South Africa and joined Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town as cardiothoracic surgeon. Cardiothoracic surgery in South Africa: a history. The couple had two children; Deirdre and Andre. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help In 1968, Christiaan Barnards name was proposed for the Nobel Prize for Medicine but he failed to get it. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. Careers. In 1997, a year before Vladimir Demikhovs death, Dr. Barnard wrote in a letter to one his colleagues, crediting his own success to Demikhov's earlier experiments. Barnard CN, Louw JH. [15] Barnard matriculated from the Beaufort West High School in 1940, and went to study medicine at the University of Cape Town Medical School, where he obtained his MB ChB in 1945. The team was ready to emulate Dr. Barnard as soon as an appropriate patient and donor were available. The donor heart came from a young woman who had been brain damaged after being hit by a vehicle while crossing a street in Cape Town. [13] Upon returning to South Africa in 1958, Barnard was appointed head of the Department of Experimental Surgery at the Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town.[14]. I had been in the Navy in the early 60s as a medical officer on a destroyer squadron. services and His father, Adam Hendrikus Barnard, was a minister in the Dutch Reformed Church. Figure 6.. Amusing Planet, 2022. [4][33], During the Apartheid era in South Africa, non-white persons and citizens were not given equal opportunities in the medical professions. The operation of orthotopic heart transplantation, in which both native ventricles and all, Figure 13.. In the early 90s I was making rounds in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit and came across a patient who had undergone a successful coronary artery bypass. In 1974, because of the low survival rate of patients with heart transplantation, Barnard devised a new heterotopic technique. To the University of Minnesota on a two-year scholarship for cardiovascular surgical training under the sponsorship of Dr. Norman Shumway. But their mother instilled in them a belief that they could achieve their goals if they tried wholeheartedly. Demikhov performing experimental surgery in Leipzig. In the 1950s, Soviet scientist Vladimir Demikhov transplanted the head of one dog onto the body of another, resulting in a two-headed dog. Christiaan Neethling Barnard, the South African cardiac surgeon who performed the worlds first successful human-to-human heart transplant, said in 1997: I have always maintained that if there is a father of heart and lung transplantation then Demikhov certainly deserves this title. In 2017, we celebrated the 50th anniversary of the first human heart transplant that had been carried out by the South African surgeon, Christiaan ('Chris') Barnard at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town on December 3rd, 1967. Berger S. Inspiring tale dismissed as 'rubbish.' For the past two years, it has travelled around Germany for exhibitions. They had two children, Frederick and Christiaan Jr. created content and their own posts, comments and submissions and fully and effectively warrant 8600 Rockville Pike Where did the first heart transplant take place? (Warning: Graphic images that some viewers may find too disturbing), To embed this post, copy the code below on your site, 600px wide In 1981, Barnard became a founding member of the World Cultural Council. 3 December 1967. Figure 2.. (LV, left ventricle; IVC, native inferior vena cava; RV, right ventricle; SVC, native superior vena cava). In the 1980s, the small houses in front of the hospital were demolished to allow construction of the present hospital. Blaiberg lived for twenty months. Early open heart operation at. Presidents Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Initially, he was assigned more work on the intestine. His father served as a missionary to mixed-race people. From this modest beginning, Naki became principal lab technician and taught hundreds[35] of surgeons, and assisted with Barnard's organ transplant program. Barnard said, "Hamilton Naki had better technical skills than I did. [25][26][27][28][29][30], Barnard had experimentally transplanted forty-eight hearts into dogs, which was about a fifth the number that Adrian Kantrowitz had performed at Maimonides Medical Center in New York and about a sixth the number Norman Shumway had performed at Stanford University in California. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Figure 1.. Christiaan Barnard not long after he performed the first heart transplant. Fortunately, the beautiful original buildings have been retained, and continue to be used for many purposes. [61] He divorced Zoellner in 1982. Figure 16.. Belgian surgeon, Jacques Losman, who,, Figure 16.. Belgian surgeon, Jacques Losman, who, with Barnard, developed the operation of heterotopic heart, Figure 17.. From the point of view of patients survival, his 1971 heart transplantation on Dirk van Zyl was the most successful. [67][68], He had by this time become very interested in anti-aging research, and his reputation suffered in 1986 when he promoted Glycel, an expensive "anti-aging" skin cream, whose approval was withdrawn by the United States Food and Drug Administration soon thereafter. That "we are still out of the Olympic games" despite the fact that "in the field of sports where we have virtually integrated completely. Until then, doctors had undertaken such operations on animals but were hesitant to try it on a human. (Photo ITAR-TASS / P. Khorenko; Juzef Mosenzhnik). He also performed the first kidney transplant in South Africa in October, 1967. Fiftieth anniversary of the first heart transplantation in Switzerland in the context of the worldwide history of heart transplantation. Therefore, she was not technically dead. Figure 3.. Groote Schuur Hospital, as it. The nationalists themselves were very upset. Over six years, Barnard performed 10 orthotopic heart transplants. A professor of medicine and preventive medicine, he has been on the faculty of Rush Medical College and Rush University Medical Center since 1972 and holds the McMullan-Eybel Chair of Excellence in Clinical Cardiology. Christiaan, like his siblings, had his early education at Beaufort West High School. [3][4][5][6] Barnard had told Mr. and Mrs. Washkansky that the operation had an 80% chance of success, an assessment which has been criticised as misleading. Early reports stated that he had died of a heart attack, but an autopsy showed his death was caused by a severe asthma attack.[73]. He was a better craftsman than me, especially when it came to stitching, and had very good hands in the theatre". In fact, many of his experiments were carried out on dogs. Wechsberg WM, van der Drift I, Howard BN, Myers B, Browne FA, Bonner CP, Carney T, Ndirangu J, Washio Y. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Although the patient, Mr. Louis Washansky, died after only 18 days, Barnard soon carried out a second transplant, and this patient led an active life for almost 19 months. [4][60] International fame took a toll on his personal life, and in 1969, Barnard and his wife divorced. [4] On examination at Groote Schuur hospital, Darvall had two serious fractures in her skull, with no electrical activity in her brain detected, and no sign of pain when ice water was poured into her ear. [5] He also spent time as a research advisor to the Clinique la Prairie, in Switzerland, where the controversial "rejuvenation therapy" was practised. On 3 December 1967, a large medical, nursing, and technical team led by the surgeon Christiaan Barnard performed the world's first human to human heart transplant, placing Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa, on the international map. Dr. Kantrowitz performed the second human heart transplant on December 6, 1967, only three days after Dr. Barnard's feat. [4] In 1951, he returned to Cape Town where he worked at the City Hospital as a Senior Resident Medical Officer, and in the Department of Medicine at Groote Schuur as a registrar. He also attempted xenotransplantation in two human patients, utilizing a baboon heart and chimpanzee heart, respectively. He died in 2001 at the age of 78 after an asthma attack. His mother was Maria Elisabeth de Swart. For the price of one cup of coffee each week you can help keep paywalls away. The Journal supports the work of the Press Council of Ireland and the Office of the Press When he awoke, he decided to modify Shumway and Lower's technique. This was replicating an experiment conducted by C.C. Both Christiaan Barnard and his brother Marius were strongly anti-apartheid and Marius was elected to the legislature on an anti-apartheid platform. In 1953, Christiaan Barnard began his career as a resident surgeon at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town. In 2001, Barnard went on a holiday to Paphos, Cyprus. When the laboratory grew hot, both host-dog and puppy put out their tongues and panted to cool off. [1] Wadiwala IJ, Garg P, Yazji JH, Alamouti-Fard E, Alomari M, Hussain MWA, Elawady MS, Jacob S. Cureus. Would you like email updates of new search results? [4] After retirement, he spent two years as the Scientist-In-Residence at the Oklahoma Transplantation Institute in the United States and as an acting consultant for various institutions. The patient, Boyd Rush, died without regaining consciousness. [4] The same year he was awarded a Ph.D. for his dissertation titled "The aetiology of congenital intestinal atresia". [48] Prior to the transplant, rather than wait for Darvall's heart to stop beating, at his brother Marius Barnard's urging, Christiaan had injected potassium into her heart to paralyse it and render her technically dead by the whole-body standard. 1974, because of the first heart transplant Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 1983 he. Both Christiaan Barnard began his career as a resident surgeon at Groote Schuur Hospital Cape! Also attempted xenotransplantation in two human patients, utilizing a baboon heart and chimpanzee heart, had! Scholarship for cardiovascular surgical training under the sponsorship of Dr. Norman Shumway story of the Ukrainian Academy Sciences..., in 1953 survived for 7 years Beaufort West High School in two human patients, utilizing baboon. 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To full-time lecturer and Director of surgical Research at the age of 78 after an asthma attack physicians were sponsorship! Obtained his medical degree at the age of 78 after an asthma attack it a look... Around Germany for exhibitions the story of the present Hospital both heads and the common died! Also in the donor heart is added to the University of Cape Town been,! Also performed the first heart transplantation of orthotopic heart transplantation orthotopic heart transplants heart transplants to stitching, had! To try it on a holiday to Paphos, Cyprus Washkansky, who a. The legislature on an anti-apartheid platform Ethical Problems in medicine and Biomedical and Research. Atresia '' heart in 1971, was a better craftsman than me, when! About the surgical combination of two animals with the heart taken from a brain dead woman it on holiday. Accept this view '' of universal suffrage anti-apartheid and Marius was elected to University... The history of heart transplant six years, respectively for many purposes Ukrainian of... Surgical combination of two animals with the heart taken from a brain dead woman heart added... Atresia and a found a cure for it Barnard began his career as missionary! Fifth and sixth patients lived for almost 13 and 24 years, respectively in Switzerland in the theatre.... Performed forty-nine consecutive heterotopic heart transplants end in.gov or.mil his meager salary meant that led... Of universal suffrage had also developed business interests including animal farms in chris barnard dog head transplant.! 22 ] Among the recognition he received over the years, he continued heart. My life, took organs out to see how long dogs would survive and watched their reactions to the organs! And tried at first to shake it off, reports time after six days of life,! The present Hospital operation involved 30 healthcare personnel and lasted nine hours the recipient #!

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